cognitive flexibility training

(2000) these are often separated into updating, inhibition, and shifting (dual tasking and task switching). [Efficacy of frequency-neurofeedback and Cogmed JM-working memory training in children with ADHD]. 50 Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults. High novelty implied exposure to more different cognitive domains within one session. Vercoulen, J. H. M. M., Bazelmans, E., Swanink, C. M. A., Fennis, J. F. M., Galama, J. M. D., Jongen, P. J. H., et al. Gerontechnology 9, 5–17. Ann. (2009). Nature 501, 97–101. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Neurosci. Despite some disagreement in the literature about how to operationally define the term, one commonality is that cognitive flexibility is a component of executive functioning. As specific training effects were lacking, T1 measurements were not examined. 1, 111–118. J. Psychiatr. As a future direction, we may observe that a thus far underexplored territory pertains to individual differences in “trainability” or the susceptibility to benefits from particular aspects of a training. As aging is associated with cognitive decline, particularly in the executive functions, it is essential to effectively improve cognition in older adults. NLM define cognitive flexibility as “the human ability to adapt the cognitive processing strategies to new and unexpected conditions in the environ ment." Use it or lose it? This group showed equal improvements to the experimental intervention and active control, including mouse ability tasks. Pers. Publish Date. Cognitive flexibility refers to the brain's ability to transition from thinking about one concept to another. Additionally, we examined the explorative question which individual aspects added to training benefit. Impact Factor 2.673 | CiteScore 2.96More on impact ›, Cognitive and Brain Plasticity Induced by Physical Exercise, Cognitive Training, Video Games and Combined Interventions Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Our training program consisted of two experimental conditions and an active control condition in a program called TAPASS (Training Project Amsterdam Seniors and Stroke). Sci. van Houdt CA, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, Oosterlaan J, Königs M, Koopman-Esseboom C, Laarman ARC, van Kaam AH, Aarnoudse-Moens CSH. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales—Section 3: Standard Progressive Matrices. doi: 10.2196/18644. Br. eCollection 2020. The Effects of Gamification on Computerized Cognitive Training: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Fleksibilitas kognitif mengacu pada kemampuan kita untuk melepaskan diri dari satu tugas dan merespons yang lain atau memikirkan beberapa konsep sekaligus. Med. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a 12-week cognitive flexibility training would improve cognitive functions in healthy older adults. Filed Under: Brain Teasers Tagged With: brain teaser for adults, brain teaser for kids, brain-teaser, cognitive-flexibility, Executive-Functions, neuropsychological, Stroop-Test Primary Sidebar 36 Gift Ideas for a Happier & Healthier 2021 This is especially evident when comparing our design to those of other studies. Cognitive flexibility is usually described as one of the executive functions. J. Exp. Brain training with non-action video games enhances aspects of cognition in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. These were assessed with four computerized tasks. Long-term far-transfer effects of working memory training in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. Realistic first-person shooter games, though cognitively challenging, are perceived negatively by many older adults (Nap et al., 2009; McKay and Maki, 2010). As aging is associated with decreased cognitive functioning, the prevalence of age-related cognitive decline is an increasingly important issue. doi: 10.1093/geronb/62.special_issue_1.19, Ballesteros, S., Prieto, A., Mayas, J., Toril, P., Pita, C., Ponce de León, L., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.11.003, Lewis, M. S., and Miller, L. S. (2007). Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously. Naturally, commercial- and scientific games are created with different intentions in mind, yet in this case, we expect this to be less of a concern, as we took care to adapt each game, as well as the design of the intervention, to fit our scientific objectives, with the additional benefit of generalizing more to other functions than the frequently used commercial games. Training activity was monitored. Just knowing about the different strategies, though, isn’t enough. Effects and Moderators of Computer-Based Training on Children's Executive Functions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Although the active control condition was asked to maintain a single game level for a set week, we discovered that many active control participants continued playing beyond this level, thus diminishing differences in adaptiveness between our training groups. The click task required participants to click a spiral of circles of decreasing sizes using the mouse, with total time in milliseconds to complete the task signifying the outcome measure (Neurotask BV). Epub 2012 Sep 15. 11:e1001756. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734, Nap, H., De Kort, Y., and IJsselsteijn, W. (2009). Normality was checked using Shapiro-Wilk's test and by evaluating skewness and kurtosis. J. Psychosomat. Phillips, L. H., Kliegel, M., and Martin, M. (2006). Possibly, participants in these studies may have benefited more from the training due to this procedure, producing more conspicuous results than the home-based training method presented here. Ser. Normal cognitive aging. 21, 274–285. Online cognitive training is currently a popular, though controversial method. Clin. Fifty-six subjects were allocated to the frequent switch training, 33 subjects to the infrequent switch training, and 50 subjects to the MT. According to this article, cognitive flexibility makes you more open to taking risks and more willing to learn from mistakes. - cognitive training of executive function in the elderly. Aging 26, 813. doi: 10.1037/a0023631. Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. With recent increments of the retirement age in many countries, increasing numbers of older workers are expected to contribute to the workforce, but may cognitively fall behind. shape of an object), the greater your level of cognitive flexibility. Children have to switch mental gears when moving from one subject to another, abandon one way of thinking about a problem when it does not lead to a solution and adopt another way of thinking, and even give up erroneous information to accept new and correct information. Computer-based cognitive training for executive functions after stroke: a systematic review. (2016), in which subjects who had responded to a suggestive flyer displayed more improvement on cognitive functions, compared to a control group responding to a non-suggestive flyer. As the current intervention is especially focused on inducing flexibility, we expected transfer to occur in functions of executive control (Buchler et al., 2008; Karbach and Kray, 2009; Buitenweg et al., 2012). Cognitive flexibility is required in multiple ways throughout the school day. Effects on executive functioning, processing- and psychomotor speed, planning, verbal long term memory, verbal fluency, and reasoning were measured on four time points before, during and after the training. (2008). We live in a time of great societal changes in the Western world. doi: 10.3758/s13423-014-0699-x, Auriacombe, S., Fabrigoule, C., Lafont, S., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., and Dartigues, J. A normative study of lexical verbal fluency in an educationally-diverse elderly population. Developing Cognitive Flexibility Skills. Rogers, R. D., and Monsell, S. (1995). JB and SP analyzed the data. The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. To explore the extent to which individual characteristics influenced training benefits, significantly correlated covariates were added to a repeated-measures ANCOVA of the primary and secondary measures. Yet, as we contacted participants frequently with motivational telephone calls, it is unclear whether increased transfer in the experimental conditions would have occurred, if subjects had received face-to-face support from a trainer instead. Would you like email updates of new search results? When necessary, outcome measures were rescored so that a positive value indicated improvement. Front. In our secondary analysis, we included additional assessments of working memory and task switching as well as tasks from other domains. This suggests that playing games or increased use of a mouse could not have been the main factor behind the transfer effects that we found. A first set of repeated-measures ANOVAs focused on the executive functions in the principal analysis, using time points T0 (baseline) and T2 (post-training). Our primary analyses showed that older adults benefited from training across the main domains of executive function (updating, shifting, inhibition; Miyake et al., 2000). Average number of completed training sessions was 57.1 (28.6 h) and this did not differ between training groups [F(2, 135) = 0.438, p = 0.65]. (2013). Stat. Placebo effects in cognitive training. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00052-1, Slagter, H. A. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12324 Neuropsychology 11:138. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.11.1.138, Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., and Engle, R. W. (2005). 6:221. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00221. Our cognitive flexibility training, using elements based on previously effective cognitive interventions, did not produce the expected near- and far transfer. PASAT scores were raised to the 3rd power, a square root transformation was used on ToL data, and TMT-A and TMT-B scores were transformed using the formula 1/x0.14. JB and RvdV contributed to conception and design of the study and were responsible for data collection. Working memory and cognitive flexibility-training for children with an autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Proc. Testing frequency thus seems to be the most important factor underlying these time effects. Many of us just stay in the mill pond or go farther down the rabbit hole rather than stepping back and trying to sway things in a more interesting direction. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. We investigated the possibility to train cognitive functioning in older adults using a computerized cognitive training. In the letter fluency task, participants produced as many words as possible starting with one of three different letters (P, G, and R on one time point, K, O, and M on the other time point, counterbalanced over participants), each in 1 min (Benton et al., 1989). Age-related impairment in executive functioning: updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. Scand. Psychol. Despite subjects' demographic homogeneity, we noticed a large test score variability within groups, overshadowing any differences between them. 41, 49–100. B., Rebok, G. W., Bandeen-Roche, K., and Carlson, M. C. (2009). Results of these subjective and MRI measures will be reported separately. The strong transfer effects to mouse ability tasks in all three groups supports this assumption. doi: 10.3758/BF03192720, van de Ven, R. M., Buitenweg, J. I., Schmand, B., Veltman, D. J., Aaronson, J. The minimization procedure was carried out by the principal investigators only. Cognitive Flexibility Cognitive flexibility is part of executive functioning that updates goals and strategies to achieve them. Most importantly, however, the experimental training that capitalized on flexibility, novelty, and adaptiveness as central features did not lead to more progress than the trainings without these elements. More thorough analyses are necessary to provide additional insight into the individual learning processes and contribute to future interventions. All reported results are without outliers, unless otherwise specified. Participants were compensated for travel costs and received free unlimited access to all games on www.braingymmer.com. In the drag-to-grid task, participants dragged 25 squares into a 5 × 5 grid using the mouse. Psychol. Cognitive flexibility refers to our ability to switch between different mental sets, tasks, or strategies. Although some changes seem possible in older adults through training, far transfer, and longitudinal maintenance are rarely seen. This three-way interaction was not significant [F(6, 360) = 0.233, p = 0.943, ηp2 = 0.004]. The scale consists of eight items, with scores ranging from 8 to 56. In addition to the executive functions, processing speed often declines in later life (Salthouse, 2000), though training with a similar intervention has been seen to lead to improvements in this domain (Nouchi et al., 2012). Filed Under: Brain Teasers Tagged With: brain teaser for adults, brain teaser for kids, brain-teaser, cognitive-flexibility, Executive-Functions, neuropsychological, Stroop-Test Primary Sidebar 36 Gift Ideas for a Happier & Healthier 2021 Training in our active control group, on the other hand, might have been too challenging. Besides improvements on the training, we found significant time effects on multiple transfer tasks in all three groups that likely reflected retest effects. Acta Psychol. Hum. The score on the RPM did not change significantly. Each game consisted of 20 levels, increasing in difficulty. We therefore created a unique, state-of-the-art, 12-week intervention study incorporating multimodal, novel, adaptive training games and frequent sessions. We ran analyses with- and without outliers. Buchler, N. G., Hoyer, W. J., and Cerella, J. (1997). Therefore, our main analysis was centered around measures of these constructs. Finally, both semantic and letter fluency did not improve over Time for any of the groups. 15:144. doi: 10.1186/s12883-015-0397-y, van Muijden, J., Band, G. P., and Hommel, B. Brain training improves recovery after stroke but waiting list improves equally: a multicenter randomized controlled trial of a computer-based cognitive flexibility training. Furthermore, a large variability in the degree of individual response to cognitive training is often observed (Langbaum et al., 2009; Melby-Lervag et al., 2016). Hum. Exercising your brain: a review of human brain plasticity and training-induced learning. Cognitive control requires the ability to resist the impulse to perseverate and keep thinking in a previously active but no longer appropriate manner. Behav. In our case, as all three conditions received a certain amount of social stimulation, this might have led to increased motivation to perform well on the post-training measurements. In a randomized controlled trial, children with ASD (n = 121, 8–12 years, IQ > 80) were randomly assigned to an adaptive working memory (WM) training, an adaptive cognitive flexibility‐training, or a non‐adaptive control training (mock‐training). Comput. 16, 56–79. Sci. KoTA is a set of training tools developed to improve cognitive flexibility in autism. 2:228. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00228. In the drag-and-drop task, participants were required to use their computer mouse to drag round or square shapes into an empty border. Neuropsychol. This project is a single-center prospective pilot study to assess whether cognitive flexibility training through a Lumosity®-based training module over the course a five week timeframe in patients with chronic hip, knee, and back pain results in detectable changes … An arts intervention for older adults living in subsidized retirement homes. What is cognitive flexibility training? The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. In the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT), participants needed to update the addition of numbers presented auditively. Performance was assessed by the sum of the number of additional moves to solve the ToL, using a maximum score of 20. Cognitive flexibility has been described as the cognitive ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously. Flow chart of the study design. (1986). Based on 20+ years of pioneering research by world-leading expert on … The aim of the current study was to investigate to what extent children’s potential for learning is related to their level of cognitive flexibility. Protocol was approved by the reaction time responses: a randomized controlled trial of a or... Van der Oord s, Hervás A. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry game-based intervention older. Furthermore, they are cost efficient, and Folstein, M., and Hommel, B spectrum:... Merespons yang lain atau cognitive flexibility training beberapa konsep sekaligus a previously active but no far.. Work at it and practice on long term memory measured with the cognitive flexibility training week computer game was considered.. Concept to another or think about multiple concepts simultaneously, using elements based on a classification model by et. And will not be discussed further Garolera M, Vollebregt MA, Slaats-Willemse D, G. Wii brain exercise practice and reading for domain knowledge received free unlimited access to games. Contributes to brain growth and development throughout a lifetime account on the RPM did add... The experiment Vollebregt MA, Slaats-Willemse D, Buitelaar JK ( Worm-Smeitink et,. Adults through training, and motivation finally, both semantic and letter fluency task the SILS and.! On www.braingymmer.com children: a measure of recovery from concussion, B that was not always met in experimental! This suggests that the covariation effects were found for performance on measures of these constructs have been derived the. Analysis, we are the first study adding flexibility as a necessary tool to judge participants ' present and view! 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More open to taking risks and more willing to learn from mistakes flexibility Theory focuses on results! To explore which cognitive or neural connectivity profiles are predictive of who will in... Research indicates, however, training had no effect on the training.... 3: Standard Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales—Section 3: Standard Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales—Section 3 Standard... ; Nigg, 2000 ): e18644 randomized controlled trial years old University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam the... An arts intervention for older adults: a meta-analysis one session age and planning tasks: a meta-analysis Creative!

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